The C-in-Cs were assisted by Chiefs of Staff (COS), as prior to the birth of Pakistan, the GHQ, Pakistan was an army command's HQ of the British Indian Army (the Northern Command, India) and there had been the appointment of the Chief of Staff under the command's commander, this trend continued in independent Pakistan's newly created army headquarters (GHQ). Not to be confused with Chief of the Army Staff (Pakistan). The following table chronicles the appointees to the office of the Commander-in-Chief since the independence of Pakistan to 1972.Ĭommanders-in-Chief, Pakistan Army (1947–1972) The term of the superannuation was then constrained to three years in office as opposed to four years and was made a permanent member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. On 20 March 1972, the commander-in-chief post was renamed as " Chief of Army Staff (COAS)" with Lieutenant-General Tikka Khan elevated to four star rank to be appointed as army's first chief of army staff this renaming was done copying India's COAS appointment. In 1969, when General Yahya Khan became President of Pakistan, Lieutenant General Abdul Hamid Khan was promoted to full General and was appointed as the 'Chief of Staff of the Army'. However, Ayub didn't hold the substantive rank of full general till 1957. General Ayub Khan was the first native Pakistani to hold the appointment on 17 January 1951. ĭominion of Pakistan was born on 14 August 1947 and its army was known as 'Royal Pakistan Army' on 15 August British Indian Army's General Frank Messervy became the first C-in-C of the newly created Pakistan Army. Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck was the last Commander-in-Chief of the undivided British Indian Army who became the supreme commander of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947 serving till November 30 of that year. The supreme military commander's appointment was known as Commander-in-Chief, India who directly reported to the Governor-General of India who was also under the British monarchy. Prior to the Creation of Pakistan from the Partition of India on 14 August 1947, the senior generals of the British Indian Army were appointments made by the Army Council (1904) of the British Army. See also: Military history of Pakistan and Commander-in-Chief, India Six generals have served as C-in-C, the first two of them were native British and the post's name was derived from the post of Commander-in-Chief of the British Indian Army. The C-in-C designation was changed to ' Chief of Army Staff' in 1972 General Tikka Khan was the first person to hold the new title. ![]() ĭirect appointments to the command of the Pakistan Army came from the British Army Council until 1951, when the first native Pakistani commander-in-chief (General Ayub Khan) was nominated and appointed by the Government of Pakistan. It was an administrative position and the appointment holder had main operational command authority over the army. The C-in-C was directly responsible for commanding the army. The Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army (abbreviation: C-in-C of the Pakistan Army) was the professional head of the Pakistan Army from 1947 to 1972. Governor General of Pakistan, Prime Minister or President of Pakistan ![]() Together, these two dynamics suggest that the conditions for presidentially dominated modern constitutional war powers were set at the turn of the twentieth century, far earlier than is often acknowledged.Rawalpindi Cantonment in Punjab, Pakistan ![]() They also tended to argue that a president of their own party should have broad war powers, while the powers of a president in the other party should be defined narrowly. But in a wave of nationalism during the Spanish-American War, members of Congress began to argue that Congress owed deference to the commander in chief. This discrepancy raises important questions: How, specifically, did Congress define the boundaries between presidential and congressional war powers in the early republic? Did that definition change, and if so, when, how, and why did it do so?Based on an original, comprehensive dataset of every congressional reference to the commander-in-chief clause from the Founding through 1917, Casey Dominguez’s Commander in Chief systematically analyzes the authority that members of Congress ascribe to the president as commander in chief and the boundaries they put around that authority.ĭominguez shows that for more than a century members of Congress defined the commander in chief’s authority narrowly, similar to that of any high-ranking military officer. In the nineteenth century, however, Congress was the institution that claimed and defended expansive war power authority. Today, presidents broadly define their constitutional authority as commander in chief. The constitutional balance of war powers has shifted from Congress to the president over time.
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![]() Filter by year, make, model, and engine size to see only the parts that fit your car like the originals. The transmission assembly alone will cost between $2,500 and $4,000 or more, and additional fluids and parts may also be required.Īt AutoZone, shop confidently for Fusion parts including engine components, steering and suspension parts, tools, and vehicle drivetrain accessories. It's a job that takes hours and is often best left to a professional mechanic. In most situations, the Check Engine light will come on with transmission-related fault codes.Ģ007 Ford Fusion Transmission Replacement CostĪ new transmission is one of the costliest repairs your car may ever need, but it's necessary to drive it reliably once again. What does that look like? You might see a fluid leak under the car, the RPMs might flare when you're driving, engaging into gear can be harsh, or the car may not move at all. If it hasn't been properly serviced through the years, premature failure is possible. Though you can have 2007 Ford Fusion manual transmission problems, most concerns are with the automatic transmission. When the transmission is working properly, the 2007 Ford Fusion transmission fluid continuously lubricates and protects the internal parts from overheating and failing. It enables smooth gear changes to adapt your engine speed to the desired performance, and it lets you keep the engine running when you're at a stop by acting as a disconnect. The transmission has a few purposes while you're behind the wheel. Luckily, most faulty transmission parts can be repaired but if you need to replace the complete assembly, AutoZone has the selection you need. If your car won't drive like it used to or it's acting odd when you're accelerating, it could be a problem inside the transmission. Whenever you're in motion, your 2007 Ford Fusion transmission is actively delivering power to your car's drive wheels. These effects can get applied to the complete picture or parts of it. The software also includes numerous Art Styles so that you can add different effects to vector images or photos. Moreover, the PHOTO-PAINT tool also uses AI to clean-up low-resolution images so you can use them instead of discarding them. Users can effectively turn a bitmap or a photograph into a vector illustration using the machine-learning tool, PowerTRACE. Some of the new features included in CorelDRAW Graphics Suite help in enhancing designs with very little input from the designers. An added benefit for Windows users is a CAPTURE tool, which allows them to capture and save screenshots of the entire page, menu, or individual windows, with a single click. ![]() Moreover, you can use the CorelDraw.app to work on your designs even if you don’t have your computer nearby. The PHOTO-PAINT tool comes integrated with CorelDRAW so you can enjoy a seamless workflow. These powerful photo editing, enhancement, and vector creation software tools can help users create both web and print-based designs. The graphic design software includes 7 main applications that are, Corel PHOTO-PAINT, PowerTRACE, CorelDRAW.app, Corel Font Manager, and AfterShot 3 HDR, among others. It's compatible with Windows Real-Time Stylus pens and devices like Microsoft Surface and Wacom tablets. The software is optimized for ease of use, offering touch and stylus compatibility, making it convenient for users working on tablets or touch-enabled devices. Its color management engine ensures consistent and accurate colors for professional print output.
How To Make Jackalope - Monster + Rabbit. ![]()
![]() Currently, as many as 20 of children with ASD have differences in their chromosomes that can be identified using genetic testing. These treatments may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, or speech-language pathology. The AAP recommends that families be offered genetic testing, such as Chromosomal Microarray (CMA) testing and Fragile X testing, especially if they are diagnosed with ASD. Pediatric Rehabilitation Services provides selective therapy treatments for communication, feeding and related conditions that are frequently part of the presentation of autism.Pediatric Neurology evaluates unusual movements and other neurological abnormalities that may accompany autism.Medical Genetics evaluates possible underlying genetic causes for autism.Child and Adolescent Psychiatry specializes in the treatment of children with autism.Not as much was known about Autism over 30 years ago. Diagnosis for Adults It’s not uncommon for someone to receive a diagnosis of Autism in adulthood. Because Autism characteristics are becoming more known to the general. Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics specializes in the diagnosis of autism in young children. While diagnostic testing has improved for younger children, our medical community still struggles to identify adults with Autism.The Lucile Packard Children's Health Stanford Referral Center can also help determine which division is best suited for a child’s needs. If there is uncertainty about which service might be right for a child, please consult with the child’s primary care clinician. All divisions conform to a similar standard of care. To bring together professionals across departments and disciplines at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford (LPCHS), Stanford Hospital, and Stanford University, who are committed to improving the diagnosis and treatment of autism spectrum disorder and related developmental disorders through research, professional training, community education, quality or process improvement, and advocacy.Ĭlinical services are provided through several divisions at Stanford Medicine Children’s Health. We recognize that it will take many different disciplines working together to understand the condition and ultimately provide effective treatments to children and their families. ![]() The documented prevalence of autism has been rising. Autism is a complex disorder of communication, thinking, relating to others, and participating fully in the community. ![]() ![]() If you have an open column in addition to free cells, you can move double the number of cards you can move normally. If there are no free cells open, you can move one card. ![]() If there is one free cell open, you can move two cards.If there are two free cells open, you can move three cards.If there are three free cells open, you can move four cards.If there are four free cells open, you can move five cards.The number of sequenced cards you can move is equivalent to the number of open free cells plus one.Even though you can use the free cells as much as you want, try to keep them available for future cards you may need to move around. Only four cards can be in the free cells at any given time. You can move any playable card to one of the four free cells.For example, a 5 will go below a 6, Queen below King, and so on. Below each black card will need to be a red one, and it needs to be one rank lower. On the other hand, if you have 7 Hearts and a 6 of Diamonds, you cannot move the 6 on top of the 7 because they are the same color. For example, a playable 3 of Hearts can be moved on top of a 4 of Spades that is at the bottom of another tableau column. In the tableau, you can move a card on top of another playable card as long as it is of the opposite color and of a higher rank.If an Ace is playable, you can move it immediately to the foundation. In other words, you can move cards that have no cards on top of them. When you start the game, the cards that are available to play are the last cards in the tableau.In each foundation pile, you want to sequence cards from Ace to King by suit. Any playable card can be moved here to help you open up new cards to play and to sequence cards.įoundation: These are the four open areas on the top right of the game. The first 4 columns have 7 cards, and the last 4 columns have 6 cards.įree cells: These are the four open cells in the top left corner of the game. Tableau: This is where all 52 cards are placed face-up in 8 columns. Learn more with our instructional video.įor other popular solitaire games, try Spider Solitaire or classic online Solitaire. You do this by freeing up cards in the tableau by sequencing them and using four open cells where any playable card can be placed. What is FreeCell Solitaire?įreeCell is a variation of Solitaire where the goal is to move all 52 face-up cards to the foundation. You can also compete on our leaderboards by getting the lowest score based on the total number of moves and time. Play in full-screen mode or on your phone. Start playing unlimited games of FreeCell Solitaire. We are absolutely isolated from civilization. The fighting damaged vital infrastructure, knocking out the city’s electricity grid, which in turn cut essential services.ĭENYS SHEVTSOV: “So, we’re left without gas, without water, without power. Numerous images posted on social media and given to us by witnesses helped us assess the damage to parts of the university campus. An attack that is not directed at a specific military objective is a laws-of-war violation and a possible war crime. Witnesses said there were no military targets at the university. MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “No, an airstrike most likely.”Īt least two people were killed on the spot. MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “When I went outside, I saw the full horror of what had happened.” MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: Fucking hell! Go down! MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “I heard an airplane approaching… And I shouted “Airplanes!” and we all ran. ![]() MYKHAILO PURYSHEV: “Everyone is very, very afraid. Humanitarian volunteer Mykhailo Puryshev was about 400 meters from the hospital by Pryazovskysi State Technical University. A deliberate strike on a hospital not being used to carry out attacks harmful to the enemy, is a war crime. In this case, witnesses told us that there were no Ukrainian military personnel, vehicles, or installations close by at the time. These are the maternity and pediatric units of a hospital that Russian forces bombed on March 9.Īt least three people were killed, including a pregnant woman and her baby, who was stillborn after the attack. Under the laws of war, parties have an obligation to do everything feasible to minimize harm to civilians. We were told that seven people died that one day. VOICE #2 IN VIDEO: Come into the entryway.ĭMYTRO KULYK: “Dead bodies became an ordinary sight for me. VOICE IN VIDEO: “It’s coming from that side.” HALYNA MOROKHOVSKA: “An aerial bomb hit the dormitory. The use of these weapons in populated areas is the greatest threat to civilians in contemporary armed conflicts and heightens the risk of unlawfully indiscriminate attacks. Russian forces used a variety of explosive weapons in Mariupol including aerial bombs and ground-launched artillery, such as projectiles and rockets. Basically, all the cars were destroyed, and the windows.” About 40 people live here with us, about 15 children.”ĭENYS SHEVTSOV: “This morning, our yard was heavily shelled. But we believe it isn’t safe to stay in the apartment. Many people we spoke to relocated to the city center, which they believed to be safe.ĭENYS SHEVTSOV: “Most people moved in all directions. It would give them control of one of Ukraine’s largest ports and a land corridor between occupied Crimea to the west and areas Russia had been controlling in Donbas, to the northeast.Īs the attack on the city began, tens of thousands of civilians huddled in shelters and basements to escape Russian bombing and shelling. NATALIIA TKACHENKO: “In general, the city was becoming modern and vibrant.įor Russian forces, Mariupol was a strategic prize. HALYNA MOROKHOVSKA: “Recently, it had blossomed. Our focus was Mariupol’s main avenue, Myru or “Peace” Avenue, and the immediate surrounding area, the city center, which includes cultural hubs, hospitals, schools, and universities.ĭMYTRO KULYK: “It’s a town with about half a million inhabitants.” Some of this imagery could help prove war crimes. Our analysis shows that 93% of the 477 high-rise apartment buildings in this area were damaged. Buildings with damage are seen here in red. We used over 850 videos and photos of buildings that we found online and verified, in addition to satellite imagery, to capture the extent of the devastation in the city center. While satellite imagery shows damage to rooftops, our modeling reveals more. Human Rights Watch and SITU Research conducted a detailed damage assessment of the destruction. Much of Mariupol was seriously damaged in the Russian assault. ![]() ![]() The city was pounded by explosive weapons for weeks. Russia’s full-scale military invasion of Ukraine began on February 24, 2022, as its forces attacked Ukrainian positions defending Mariupol. This is Mariupol after Russian forces occupied the city. These are the interviews, videos, photos, and 3D models that Human Rights Watch, SITU Research, and Truth Hounds used to reconstruct the struggles residents faced as Russian forces took over the city. This is the story of Russia’s assault on Mariupol.Ī strategic port city in southeastern Ukraine. MYKHAILO PURYSHEV, MARIUPOL RESIDENT AND HUMANITARIAN VOLUNTEER: “With the onset of the war, everyone’s life changed. TETIANA BURAK: “That’s why a lot of people didn’t evacuate.” VAAGN MNATSAKANIAN: “In the first days of the war, we had no idea that such a tragedy could take place.” You're a people-person through and through. In psychological lingo, you'd probably score high on "agreeableness," a trait that makes you kind, empathetic, and cooperative. Black-and-White Thinking: They sometimes see things as simply right or wrong, which can limit their perspective and understanding of complex issues. ![]() Overconfident: Their self-assurance can sometimes be mistaken for arrogance or naivety.Short-Tempered: When provoked or faced with injustice, they can react quickly and strongly, sometimes without thinking through the consequences.Competitive: The drive to be the best can sometimes alienate others or create unnecessary conflict.Stubborn: Once they make up their minds, it's difficult to change their views or plans.Risk-prone: The adventurous spirit can sometimes lead to unnecessary dangers or uncalculated risks.Impulsive: Their 'act now, think later' approach can sometimes get them into trouble.Emotionally Resilient: Their low levels of neuroticism mean they handle stress well and bounce back quickly from setbacks.Ethical: They have a strong moral compass and are guided by principles of right and wrong.Adventurous: They love new experiences and aren't afraid to step out of their comfort zones.Optimistic: Gryffindors tend to see the glass as half full, which helps them navigate through tough situations with hope.Charismatic: They naturally attract others with their warm demeanor and inspiring words.Loyal: Their allegiance to friends, family, and causes they believe in is unshakeable. ![]() They're often the first to step up and take action.
Stickers keep your chats fun and engaging. WhatsApp boasts a wide variety of unique elements. You can configure the app to avoid these updates if you prefer. When a new WhatsApp version is available, it will download automatically. It’s simpler to use than other applications like Line. After that, you tap next, and you’re ready to start chatting. Once the application is set up, you’ll have to input your name and number. Avoid modified clients, like WhatsApp plus, because they’ll land you an immediate ban. Alternatively, third-party websites host it in its latest iteration and offer APK files for older versions. The desktop version will require a mobile counterpart. For Android, you’ll need to head over to its respective app store. The WhatsApp download is fast and simple. While other applications, like Telegram, share this ease of use, most of them tend to complicate the process with ID numbers and usernames. Any contacts you have saved on your Google account or phone’s chip will appear automatically. The app syncs with your phone number and works all over the planet. The same applies to images, video files, and voice notes. If they’re using the right WhatsApp number, the app will decrypt the incoming information and display it in text form. Like most modern messaging applications, WhatsApp uses an internet connection to encrypt and send messages to another contact. Regardless, it still manages to update messages in real-time and rarely struggles to maintain a stable connection. This is common in other applications and is a hassle to deal with. It doesn’t overwork your battery or overuse your data connection. It’s worth noting that this app takes up little to no resources while it runs in the background. Your contacts can see it when they open your chat window. ![]() Another growing trend is the WhatsApp status banner that’s easy to set up. With this, you can view and interact with the app on any browser. The most convenient addition is WhatsApp Web. The developers add new features constantly. ![]() While it used to require a dollar for a yearly subscription during its inception, it swapped over to the free-to-use model shortly after. WhatsApp is a top-notch choice for people who want to avoid expensive text messaging costs. |
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